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XII. How the Britons, being ravaged by the Scots and Picts, sought succour from the Romans,
CHAP. XII. How the Britons, being ravaged by the Scots and Picts, sought succour
from the Romans,
who coming a second time, built a wall across the island; but when this was
broken down at once by the aforesaid enemies, they were reduced to greater
distress than before. [410-420 AD]
FROM that time, the British part of Britain, destitute of armed soldiers, of all
military stores, and of the whole flower of its active youth, who had been led
away by the rashness of the tyrants never to return, was wholly exposed to
rapine, the people being altogether ignorant of the use of weapons. Whereupon
they suffered many years from the sudden invasions of two very savage nations
from beyond the sea, the Scots from the west, and the Picts from the north. We
call these nations from beyond the sea, not on account of their being seated out
of Britain, but because they were separated from that part of it which was
possessed by the Britons, two broad and long inlets of the sea lying between
them, one of which runs into the interior of Britain, from the Eastern Sea, and
the other from the Western, though they do not reach so far as to touch one
another. The eastern has in the midst of it the city Giudi. On the Western Sea,
that is, on its right shore, stands the city of Alcluith, which in their
language signifies the Rock Cluith, for it is close by the river of that name.
On account of the attacks of these nations, the Britons sent messengers to Rome
with letters piteously praying for succour, and promising perpetual subjection,
provided that the impending enemy should be driven away. An armed legion was
immediately sent them, which, arriving in the island, and engaging the enemy,
slew a great multitude of them, drove the rest out of the territories of their
allies, and having in the meanwhile delivered them from their worst distress,
advised them to build a wall between the two seas across the island, that it
might secure them by keeping off the enemy. So they returned home with great
triumph. But the islanders building the wall which they had been told to raise,
not of stone, since they had no workmen capable of such a work, but of sods,
made it of no use. Nevertheless, they carried it for many miles between the two
bays or inlets of the sea of which we have spoken; to the end that where the
protection of the water was wanting, they might use the rampart to defend their
borders from the irruptions of the enemies. Of the work there erected, that is,
of a rampart of great breadth and height, there are evident remains to be seen
at this day. It begins at about two miles distance from the monastery of
Aebbercurnig, west of it, at a place called in the Pictish language Peanfahel,
but in the English tongue, Penneltun, and running westward, ends near the city
of Aicluith.
But the former enemies, when they perceived that the Roman soldiers were gone,
immediately coming by sea, broke into the borders, trampled and overran all
places, and like men mowing ripe corn, bore down all before them. Hereupon
messengers were again sent to Rome miserably imploring aid, lest their wretched
country should be utterly blotted out, and the name of a Roman province, so long
renowned among them, overthrown by the cruelties of foreign races, might become
utterly contemptible. A legion was accordingly sent again, and, arriving
unexpectedly in autumn, made great slaughter of the enemy, obliging all those
that could escape, to flee beyond the sea; whereas before, they were wont yearly
to carry off their booty without any opposition. Then the Romans declared to the
Britons, that they could not for the future undertake such troublesome
expeditions for their sake, and advised them rather to take up arms and make an
effort to engage their enemies, who could not prove too powerful for them,
unless they themselves were enervated by cowardice. Moreover, thinking that it
might be some help to the allies, whom they were forced to abandon, they
constructed a strong stone wall from sea to sea, in a straight line between the
towns that had been there built for fear of the enemy, where Severus also had
formerly built a rampart. This famous wall, which is still to be seen, was
raised at public and private expense, the Britons also lending their assistance.
It is eight feet in breadth, and twelve in height, in a straight line from east
to west, as is still evident to beholders. This being presently finished, they
gave the dispirited people good advice, and showed them how to furnish
themselves with arms. Besides, they built towers to command a view of the sea,
at intervals, on the southern coast, where their ships lay, because there also
the invasions of the barbarians were apprehended, and so took leave of their
allies, never to return again.
After their departure to their own country, the Scots and Picts, understanding
that they had refused to return, at once came back, and growing more confident
than they had been before, occupied all the northern and farthest part of the
island, driving out the natives, as far as the wall. Hereupon a timorous guard
was placed upon the fortification, where, dazed with fear, they became ever more
dispirited day by day. On the other side, the enemy constantly attacked them
with barbed weapons, by which the cowardly defenders were dragged in piteous
fashion from the wall, and dashed against the ground. At last, the Britons,
forsaking their cities and wall, took to flight and were scattered. The enemy
pursued, and forthwith followed a massacre more grievous than ever before; for
the wretched natives were torn in pieces by their enemies, as lambs arc torn by
wild beasts. Thus, being expelled from their dwellings and lands, they saved
themselves from the immediate danger of starvation by robbing and plundering one
another, adding to the calamities inflicted by the enemy their own domestic
broils, till the whole country was left destitute of food except such as could
be procured in the chase.
